In today’s world, countries across the globe are increasingly prioritizing environmental sustainability and striving to achieve net-zero emissions. Major economies such as the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and India have established ambitious climate goals aligned with their respective economic and developmental needs.
India, with its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, is taking significant steps toward building a sustainable future. The infrastructure and transportation sectors, which contribute substantially to carbon emissions, will play a crucial role in achieving this target. Without transforming key sectors such as roads, railways and highways, the vision of a carbon-neutral India cannot be realized.
In this direction, India has successfully completed trials of its first indigenous hydrogen-powered train, marking a major milestone in the country’s green transportation journey. Unlike conventional diesel-powered trains, hydrogen trains produce water vapour as their primary emission instead of carbon dioxide (CO₂), significantly reducing environmental impact and supporting cleaner mobility.
The transition from steam locomotives to hydrogen-powered trains reflects the remarkable evolution of Indian Railways and demonstrates India’s commitment to innovation, sustainability, and the vision of Viksit Bharat. This breakthrough not only strengthens India’s clean energy ambitions but also positions the nation as a leader in sustainable railway technology.
Hydrogen for Heritage
The first indigenous hydrogen-powered train project began to reduce the Carbon emission, protect the environment and country’s most sensitive ecological areas. And this initiative is officially named as “Hydrogen for Heritage”. The future of rail transportation is being shaped by cleaner and more advanced technologies. Hydrogen-based rail systems have gained global recognition for their potential to revolutionize railway operations while minimizing environmental impact. As a result, many countries are investing in hydrogen-powered trains as part of their long-term transportation strategies. With this initiative, India joins the race of a group of countries such as Germany, China and USA.
India’s hydrogen train represents a significant technological advancement in railway transportation. Instead of burning fuel in a combustion engine, it generates electricity through a hydrogen fuel cell system. By combining hydrogen stored onboard with oxygen from the atmosphere, the train produces clean energy to power its motor, with water vapour being the only emission. This innovative technology showcases the future of sustainable rail mobility. The introduction of hydrogen-powered trains marks a significant milestone for Indian Railways. Since this is the country’s first experience with hydrogen rail technology, the focus Sis initially on testing and validation under controlled conditions. Therefore, the 10-coach prototype train has been deployed on the flat 90-kilometre Jind–Sonipat route in Haryana before considering wider implementation.
Journey of India’s First Hydrogen Train: Key Milestones
The development of India’s first indigenous hydrogen-powered train represents a significant milestone in the modernization of Indian Railways. From its announcement under the “Hydrogen for Heritage” initiative to its expected commercial launch, the project has progressed through several key stages over the past three years, supported by the Government of India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission
Project Announcement and Budget allocation- February 2023
The Ministry of Railways officially unveiled the “Hydrogen for Heritage” initiative in the Union Budget 2023-24, allocating initial funds to develop 35 hydrogen-powered trains and retrofitting existing Diesel Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU) rakes.
Infrastructure Contracts Awarded: Contracts were awarded to build India’s first dedicated hydrogen production and refuelling station in Jind, Haryana, featuring a 1-megawatt electrolyser to produce green hydrogen locally.
Manufacturing Completed: The Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai successfully completed the manufacturing and retrofitting of India’s first 10-coach hydrogen trainset, integrating the 1,200-kW fuel cell propulsion system.
First Physical Trials Begin: The train arrived in Haryana and commenced its initial physical trial runs on the 90-kilometer Jind–Sonipat pilot corridor.
Safety and Oscillation Trials Cleared: The Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) successfully completed extensive testing of the hydrogen train, ensuring its safety, stability, and overall performance under different operating conditions.
Official Commercial Approval: The Railway Board formally granted the “green signal,” approving the train for public passenger operations at a maximum speed of 75 kmph, following final clearances from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO).
Expected Passenger Launch: The train is expected to open to the public on the Jind–Sonipat route once final crew certifications and hydrogen handling protocols are cemented.
Building the Ecosystem: Infrastructure, Economics, and Safety
Operating Hydrogen-powered train is far different from operating Diesel and electric train. It requires the creation of an entirely new, highly specialized ecosystem for fuel production, storage, and dispensing. To support the operation of India’s first hydrogen-powered train, Indian Railways has developed the country’s first dedicated hydrogen production and refuelling station at Jind, Haryana. The facility is equipped with a 1-megawatt Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyser, which is capable of producing green hydrogen locally. Operating continuously throughout the day, the plant can generate around 430 kg of green hydrogen daily, ensuring a reliable fuel supply for the train.
The refuelling station is also equipped with advanced hydrogen storage and dispensing infrastructure, including a high-pressure compression system, two hydrogen dispensers, and storage facilities capable of holding up to 3,000 kg of hydrogen. This infrastructure forms a crucial part of India’s hydrogen railway ecosystem and supports the successful implementation of the Hydrogen for Heritage initiative.
Economic Landscape
The development of hydrogen-powered trains requires significant investment in both rolling stock and supporting infrastructure. Under the “Hydrogen for Heritage” initiative, the estimated cost of a 10-coach hydrogen train is around ₹80 crore, while the development of hydrogen production and refuelling infrastructure for a route is estimated at approximately ₹70 crore.
Although the initial investment is considerably higher than that of conventional diesel trains, the long-term benefits make hydrogen technology a promising alternative. With the expansion of green hydrogen production under the National Green Hydrogen Mission, fuel costs are expected to decline in the coming years. In addition, hydrogen fuel cells are more energy-efficient and require lower maintenance due to fewer mechanical components. Over the long term, this can lead to cost savings while reducing India’s dependence on imported fossil fuels and strengthening the country’s energy security.
Safety First: Navigating Regulatory Protocols
Safety remains one of the most important aspects of the hydrogen train project, as hydrogen is a highly flammable fuel and requires specialized handling and storage systems. To ensure safe operations, the project has received the necessary approvals and operational licenses from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) for hydrogen storage and refuelling facilities at Jind, Haryana.
Indian Railways has implemented comprehensive safety measures, including the installation of advanced hydrogen leak detection systems and flame detectors at the refuelling station. The project also requires continuous monitoring of hydrogen infrastructure and specialized training for personnel involved in operations and maintenance. During the initial phase of passenger services, trained technical staff will be deployed onboard to closely monitor the train’s propulsion system and ensure safe and reliable operations.
The Future Outlook: Heritage Routes and Beyond
While the Jind–Sonipat pilot project serves as the necessary proving ground, the ultimate vision for this technology lies in India’s hills and historic corridors. The “Hydrogen for Heritage” scheme has officially sanctioned the deployment of 35 hydrogen-powered trains to replace aging, polluting diesel engines on some of the country’s most visually stunning and ecologically fragile routes.
The initiative targets eight specific heritage and narrow-gauge lines for this green transformation:
- Matheran Hill Railway (Maharashtra)
- Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (West Bengal)
- Kalka-Shimla Railway (Himachal Pradesh)
- Kangra Valley Railway (Himachal Pradesh)
- Nilgiri Mountain Railway (Tamil Nadu)
- Bilmora-Waghai (Gujarat)
- Patalpani-Kalakund (Madhya Pradesh)
- Marwar-Goram Ghat Railway (Rajasthan)
By deploying hydrogen fuel-cell trains on these routes, Indian Railways aims to protect these sensitive ecosystems from carbon and noise pollution while simultaneously elevating the tourism experience.
A Global Statement in Green Mobility
The successful deployment of hydrogen-powered trains will mark a significant achievement for Indian Railways and strengthen India’s position among countries such as Germany, China, Japan, and the United States that are actively exploring and adopting hydrogen-based railway technology.
More importantly, this initiative aligns with the objectives of the National Green Hydrogen Mission and supports India’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. As the country continues to expand its green hydrogen production capacity and develop advanced fuel cell technologies, hydrogen trains have the potential to play an important role in building a cleaner, more sustainable, and self-reliant transportation system. These trains will not only reduce environmental impact but also showcase India’s progress towards the vision of Viksit Bharat and a greener future.
